This paper examines David Hull’s and Peter Godfrey-Smith’s accounts of biological individuality using the case of biofilms. Biofilms fail standard criteria for individuality, such as having reproductive bottlenecks and forming parent-offspring lineages. Nevertheless, biofilms are good candidates for individuals. The nature of biofilms shows that Godfrey-Smith’s account of individuality, with its reliance on reproduction, is too restrictive. Hull’s interactor notion of individuality better captures biofilms, and we argue that it offers a better account of biological individuality. However, Hull’s notion of (...) interactor needs more precision. We suggest some ways to make Hull’s notion of interactor and his account of individuality more precise. Generally, we maintain that biofilms are a good test case for theories of individuality, and a careful examination of biofilms furthers our understanding of biological individuality. (shrink)

O corpo é o tema que é discutido há muito tempo em várias áreas. Assim, o objetivo deste texto foi analisar os paradigmas epistemológicos dos artigos sobre corpo publicados em revista classificadas como A-1 no WebQualis na Área da Educação. Foi realizada uma análise documental a partir da Matriz Paradigmática. A análise foi composta por uma parte quantitativa e outra mais qualitativa que permitiu identificar os paradigmas de cada texto. Os resultados demonstram que das matrizes analisadas, o movimento Pós-Moderno responde (...) por 50% do total de publicações. Isso demonstra uma tendência de movimento diferente do que era previsto inicialmente. (shrink)

Corporeidade tem sido usada em situações diferentes, considerando que este termo se apresenta como um processo de totalidade do ser humano para além do corpo entendido como componente biológico. Assim, o objetivo geral é analisar as concepções epistemológicas deste conceito. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão narrativa a partir de livros e artigos, com textos publicados a partir de 2000, os quais fundamentaram este ensaio. Os resultados apresentam que o conceito de corporeidade possui análises provenientes da fenomenologia, do materialismo dialético e (...) do movimento pós-moderno, sendo a primeira, a mais recorrente. (shrink)

The present paper draws a contrast between the notions of τὸ παρ’ ἡμᾶς and τὸ ἐφ’ ἡμῖν to the effect that, according to Chrysippus, each has a different role to play and different requirements to meet, the former being especially tailored to suit the exigencies of praise and blame taken as exhortations, the latter those of desert and justice in praising and blaming as well as honoring and punishing.

Sob o patrocínio da CAPES, PROPP da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia-MG/ UFU, FAPEMIG, FAPESP e Fundação Fausto Castilho, esforços conjuntos da UFU, da Academia Polonesa de Ciências, da Universidade do Salento e da Universidade de Nápoles possibilitaram a realização, no final de 2017, da I Bienal Internacional de Filosofia de Uberlândia. Além da XX Semana de Filosofia da UFU, organizada em torno do tema A propósito da humanidade, cinco eventos compuseram a nossa primeira Bienal: o III Congresso Internacional “Vico” – (...) A língua de/em Vico; o III Colóquio Nacional “Kant” – As faculdades do ânimo: intuição e objetividade; o I Simpósio Internacional “Aristóteles” – Lógica e epistemologia; a I Jornada Nacional sobre escritores da Roma Antiga – Sêneca e, por fim, o III Seminário Internacional “Descartes” – A ideia de homem em Descartes. Por tal envergadura, esta Bienal reuniu muitos pesquisadores brasileiros e estrangeiros dos mais diversos campos da Filosofia e das Humanidades. O material que ora publicamos consiste em boa parte em textos das conferências do Seminário “Descartes”, posteriormente aperfeiçoados e desenvolvidos tanto em virtude dos debates iniciados na própria Bienal, quanto da interlocução e colaboração intelectual fomentadas a partir dela. [...] Apoio e financiamento: CAPES, FAPEMIG, PROPP/UFU, FAPESP, Fundação Fausto Castilho, Academia Polonesa de Ciências, Universidade do Salento e Universidade de Nápoles. (shrink)

Considerações sobre a impossibilidade de definir o homem a partir de Descartes Procuramos, neste texto, pensar o significado da rejeição da tradicional definição de homem efetuada por Descartes, quando tenta entender o que somos. Essa rejeição é resultado de um novo método de filosofar, que poderíamos designar como via das ideias – aquela que parte das forças do próprio espírito para examinar tudo o que ocorre nele e em qualquer outra coisa, evitando usar de pressuposições. A fim de marcar essa (...) diferença de perspectiva e a reiterada disposição do filósofo francês em elaborá-la, apontamos a limitação da noção de conceito – seja aquela da tradição aristotélica-escolástica, seja a pós-cartesiana, fortemente marcada pela representação científica – para dar conta da problemática do fenômeno humano. Nesse sentido, insistimos na riqueza e amplitude da noção de ideia – elaborada e reelaborada ao longo dos anos pelo filósofo – para enfrentar esse complexo fenômeno. Uma vez que o homem não é uma substância, a manifestação dos seus aspectos é sempre adjetiva, podendo qualificá-lo sem, contudo, propiciar a sua compreensão. Essa dificuldade de apreensão exige, portanto, que o estudo da ideia de homem explore até o limite a própria racionalidade humana Palavras-chave: Descartes; Homem; Ideia; Conceito; Definição. Considerations on the impossibility of defining man based on Descartes Abstract: The aim of this text is to reflect on the meaning of the rejection of the traditional definition of man performed by Descartes when he attempts to understand what we are. This rejection is the result of a new method of philosophizing, which we may designate as the way of ideas—that which emerges from the forces of one’s own spirit to examine all that occurs within it and in any other thing, avoiding the use of presuppositions. To highlight this difference of perspective and the reiterated willingness of this French philosopher in elaborating it, we indicate the limitation of the notion of concept—whether that of the Aristotelian-Scholastic tradition or the post-Cartesian tradition, strongly characterized by scientific representation—to deal with the problematic of the phenomenon of the human. In this respect, we stress the richness and amplitude of the notion of idea, elaborated and re-elaborated over years by this philosopher, to address this complex phenomenon. Since man is not a substance, the manifestation of his aspects is always adjectival, allowing qualification without, however, providing comprehension. This difficulty of perception therefore requires that the study of the idea of man explore human rationality itself to the greatest extent. Keywords: Descartes; Man; Idea; Concept; Definition. Considérations sur l'impossibilité de définir l'homme à partir de Descartes Resumé: On se propose, dans ce texte, de réfléchir sur le sens du rejet de la définition traditionnelle de l'homme faite par Descartes, lorsqu'il tente de comprendre ce que nous sommes. Ce rejet est le résultat d'une nouvelle méthode de philosopher, que nous pourrions désigner comme la voie des idées - celle qui part des forces de l'esprit lui-même pour examiner tout ce qui se passe en lui et en toute autre chose, en évitant d'utiliser des présupposés. Pour marquer cette différence de perspective et la disposition réitérée du philosophe français dans son élaboration, nous soulignons la limitation de la notion de concept - soit celle de la tradition aristotélicienne-scolastique, soit celle post-cartésienne, fortement marquée par la représentation scientifique - pour rendre compte de la problématique du phénomène humain. En ce sens, nous insistons sur la richesse et l'amplitude de la notion d'idée - élaborée et retravaillée au fil des années par Descartes - pour faire face à ce phénomène complexe. Une fois l'homme n'est plus une substance, la manifestation de ses aspects reste toujours adjective, pouvant le qualifier sans toutefois favoriser sa compréhension. Cette difficulté d'appréhension exige donc que l'étude de l'idée de l'homme explore jusqu'à la limite la rationalité humaine elle-même. Mots-clés: Descartes; Homme; Idée; Concept; Définition. (shrink)

O debate sobre a causalidade na filosofia árabe é extenso e se vale de diferetes tradições. O texto que aqui traduzo, a Discussão XVII do Tahafut al-falasifa (A Incoerência dos filósofos) é parte fundamantal deste debate pois mobiliza todo o arcabouço conceitual disponível até então (aristotelismo, neoplatonismo, kalam) e se torna referência obrigatória para futuras discussões.

A questão "se uma elocução perde seu significado com a destruição das coisas "surge como uma questão sobre o valor-verdade de declarações com um termo vazio como sujeito, a saber, como um subproblema do sofisma "Se 'omnis homo de necessitate est animal' é verdade quando não há homem algum ". Neste trabalho, trarei as discussões conforme elas se apresentam em "De signis" IV.2 de Roger Bacon, em "Quaestiones logicales", q. 2–3 de Peter John Olivi, no OHNEA de Boethius of Dacia, (...) e no OHNEA de Anonymus Alani. Tais textos nos apresentam quatro modos diversos de nos relacionarmos com a questão sobre significação para OHNEA e, assim, com quatro posições diferentes sobre a relação entre significação e referência vazia. Usarei Anonymus Alani como o fio conductor de minha análise, inserindo outras posições onde tal se fizer relevante. The question 'whether an utterance loses its signification with the destruction of things ' is raised as a question about the truth-value of assertions with an empty term as a subject, namely as a sub-problem of the sophism 'Whether "omnis homo de necessitate est animal" is true when no man exists '. In this paper, I shall introduce the discussions as they are present in Roger Bacon's "De signis" IV.2, Peter John Olivi's "Quaestiones logicales", q. 2–3, Boethius of Dacia's OHNEA, and Anonymus Alani's OHNEA. These texts present us with four different ways of relating the question about signification to OHNEA, and therefore with four different positions regarding the relation between signification and empty reference. I shall use Anonymus Alani as the guiding thread of my analysis, inserting other positions where it is relevant. (shrink)

Sobre a anterioridade de Deus com relação ao mundo no Trahafut de Averróis.

de Queiroz (1995), Griffiths (1999) and LaPorte (2004) offer a new version of essentialism called "historical essentialism". According to this version of essentialism, relations of common ancestry are essential features of biological taxa. The main type of argument for this essentialism proposed by Griffiths (1999) and LaPorte (2004) is that the dominant school of classification, cladism, defines biological taxa in terms of common ancestry. The goal of this paper is to show that this argument for historical essentialism is unsatisfactory: cladism (...) does not assume that relations of common ancestry are essential attributes of biological taxa. Therefore, historical essentialism is not justified by cladism. (shrink)

O presente texto observa a teoria crítica da sociedade desenvolvida por Habermas a partir da análise das duas teses apresentadas na Teoria da Ação Comunicativa, sobre a modernidade seletiva e sobre o desacoplamento das esferas socais tematizáveis, pretendendo compreender como o avanço dos imperativos funcionais do sistema (a burocracia administrativa estatal e a economia capitalista) têm extrapolado suas áreas de atuação e aumentado ainda mais sua dinâmica sistêmica sobre o ambito da reprodução simbólica nas sociedades capitalistas do século XXI. A (...) discussão que se segue analisará esta ampliação considerando que as interferências e alterações sobre os padrões de integração social são questões que se encontram em um desenvolvimento constante desde as mudanças pelas quais passaram a alterar os critérios de legitimação da modernidade capitalista. Ainda que de um modo não inteiramente distinto daquele tematizado por Habermas no contexto social do início dos anos 1980, pretende-se observar que que no atual estágio do capitalismo internacional esta interferência, assim como as alterações daí promovidas, tem provocado uma maior fragmentação social e gerado bloqueios que perturbam ainda mais a integração social (que ameaçam inviabilizar qualquer efetivação da emancipação social quanto mais são deturpados os critérios de legitimação e reconhecimento social). Circunscrito a este horizonte, pretende-se sustentar que tais fatores possam ser melhor compreendidos mediante uma investigação sobre as patologias sociais, especifiamente quando estas são compreendidas como parâmetros que proporcionariam identificar certa resistência a uma integração social orientada por imperativos sistêmicos. (shrink)

Cooperative behaviors within a group face the risk of being exploited by `free-riders,' individuals that reap the benefits produced by cooperators without paying the costs of cooperating. Free-riders are often perceived as a burden to the group, since the group's survival depends on tasks performed by cooperators. However, this paper challenges this perspective, arguing that an excess of cooperators may actually lower the efficiency and persistence of groups. The perspective presented in this paper has ramifications to broader issues in philosophy, (...) particularly the challenge of how to balance self-interest with the collective interests of the group. Ultimately, this paper seeks to highlight some of the subtle ways free-riders positively impact their groups, an aspect of free-riding that is often overlooked in discussions about cooperation. (shrink)

Nature is replete with borderline cases that fall somewhere between organisms and communities, such as lichens, biofilms, and the Portuguese Man-of-War. At first glance, the existence of such borderline cases might suggest that the concept of what constitutes an organism is too fuzzy to be useful in evolutionary biology. Yet, the notion of organisms is entrenched within central debates in evolution, including discussions over how fitness should be measured, what the bearers of adaptations and fitness are, and the status of (...) holobionts. Finally, accounts of organisms can set the stage for explanations of how multicellularity evolved. In particular, characterizing multicellular organisms in terms of the level of cooperation between their cells suggests that their evolution required the presence of mechanisms that could suppress conflict between cells. (shrink)

Kripke argues for origin essentialism, the view that the same individual cannot have multiple origins. Sober hypothesises that Kripke's origin essentialism applies to biological species. This paper shows that Sober's hypothesis fails. Because Kripke's original argument is invalid, it cannot vindicate Sober's proposal. Salmon offers an influential reformulation of Kripke's argument but his argument fails to extend to species: the notion of an individual's origin is too narrow to apply to species, and Salmon's argument rests on a thought experiment that (...) conflicts with how species evolve. Thus, Sober and others are wrong to think that Kripke's origin essentialism can save species essentialism. (shrink)

One curious phenomenon of several social groups is that they are ‘redundant’ in the sense that they contain more cooperators than strictly needed to complete certain group tasks, such as foraging. Redundancy is puzzling because redundant groups are particularly susceptible to invasion by defectors. Yet, redundancy can be found in groups formed by a wide range of organisms, including insects and microbes. Birch ([2012]) has recently argued that coercive behaviours might account for redundancy using insect colonies as a case study. (...) However, microbial examples suggest redundancy can evolve without coercive behaviours. This paper formulates an explanation for redundancy that does not require targeted punishment of defectors; instead, it proposes that redundancy might be due to ignorance. Specifically, it is suggested that redundancy evolves as a by-product of selection when group members have to opt whether to cooperate or not while being blind to the strategies of others. Accordingly, possessing information about the strategies of the group members might undermine rather than facilitate cooperation within groups. (shrink)

Some mathematicians and philosophers contend that set theory plays a foundational role in mathematics. However, the development of category theory during the second half of the twentieth century has encouraged the view that this theory can provide a structuralist alternative to set-theoretical foundations. Against this tendency, criticisms have been made that category theory depends on set-theoretical notions and, because of this, category theory fails to show that set-theoretical foundations are dispensable. The goal of this paper is to show that these (...) criticisms are misguided by arguing that category theory is entirely autonomous from set theory. (shrink)

Microbes often live in association with dense multicellular aggregates, especially biofilms, and the construction of these aggregates typically requires microbial cells to produce public goods, such as enzymes and signaling molecules. Public-goods producers are, in turn, vulnerable to exploitation by free-rider cells that consume the public goods without paying for their production costs. The cell population of a biofilm or other microbial aggregates are expected to pass through bottlenecks due to a wide range of factors, such as antibiotic treatments and (...) dispersal. The goal of this article is to make the case for the relevance of population bottlenecks at shaping the social interactions within microbial aggregates. The effect of bottlenecks on microbial aggregates is complex in that bottlenecks can favor producers under certain circumstances, but not in others. The concept of the Volunteer’s Dilemma from game theory will be used to motivate the hypothesis that this partly occurs because of how bottlenecks alter the risk of being a producer in a microbial aggregate. Finally, the role of bottlenecks in the microbial world impacts key issues in evolutionary biology, including the importance of ecology at shaping social evolution, and the evolution of multicellularity from unicellular ancestors. (shrink)

Doolittle :351–378, 2013) and Ereshefsky and Pedroso argue that selection can act at the level of biofilms and other microbial communities. Clarke is skeptical and argues that selection acts on microbial cells rather than microbial communities. Her main criticism is that biofilms lack one of the ingredients required for selection to operate: heritability. This paper replies to her concern by elaborating how biofilm-level traits can be inheritable.

One curious phenomenon of several social groups is that they are ‘redundant’ in the sense that they contain more cooperators than strictly needed to complete certain group tasks, such as foraging. Redundancy is puzzling because redundant groups are particularly susceptible to invasion by defectors. Yet, redundancy can be found in groups formed by a wide range of organisms, including insects and microbes. Birch has recently argued that coercive behaviours might account for redundancy using insect colonies as a case study. However, (...) microbial examples suggest redundancy can evolve without coercive behaviours. This paper formulates an explanation for redundancy that does not require targeted punishment of defectors; instead, it proposes that redundancy might be due to ignorance. Specifically, it is suggested that redundancy evolves as a by-product of selection when group members have to opt whether to cooperate or not while being blind to the strategies of others. Accordingly, possessing information about the strategies of the group members might undermine rather than facilitate cooperation within groups. 1The Evolution of Redundancy 2Explaining Redundancy via Coercion 3Explaining Redundancy via Ignorance 3.1Cooperation behind the Darwinian veil of ignorance 3.2Modelling group tasks with a public goods game 3.3Group tasks under harsh environments 4Conclusion. (shrink)

O objetivo deste ensaio filosófico é analisar a noção de performatividade na leitura feita por Jacques Derrida em Força de Lei: o “fundamento místico da autoridade”. A pergunta de partida é: como o caráter performativo do discurso jurídico instaura o regime de violência no nível da linguagem? A categoria de “fundamento místico da autoridade” revela um problema quanto à dinâmica do discurso jurídico enquanto violência. Toda essa violência é guardada por um silêncio que sustenta a autoridade do direito. Por isso, (...) é preciso analisar o argumento de Derrida em relação às teses sobre performatividade de John Austin. A compreensão da leitura derridiana possibilitará uma margem de diferença em relação à proposta austiniana por meio da iteralibiliade, isto é, da condição de repetição do signo que institui seu significado diferencial. Essa possibilidade sustenta e condiciona a força do direito. (shrink)

RESUMO Mudanças políticas têm intensificado os debates sobre como certos discursos estabelecem agendas e influenciam eleitores. Nesse escopo, a Análise Crítica do Discurso e a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, juntamente com o arcabouço teórico-metodológico da Avaliatividade, demonstraram ser bem-sucedidas na investigação da ideologia em textos, bem como na abordagem de tópicos como a polarização política. Portanto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a avaliação social da Teoria da Avaliatividade como um dispositivo ideológico e persuasivo nos discursos de nomeação de Clinton e (...) Trump, em 2016. Os resultados enfatizam usos de estratégias retóricas que podem levar os eleitores à preferência de certos conjuntos de valores e crenças. A análise revelou que, naqueles discursos, os candidatos usaram estratégias diferentes para persuadir os eleitores, construindo abordagens discursivas ideológicas negativas e positivas, aplicando a avaliação social como estratégia retórica central. ABSTRACT Political changes have been intensifying debates about how certain discourses set agendas and influence voters. In this scope, Critical Discourse Analysis, Systemic-Functional Linguistics, and together with the theoretical and methodological framework of Appraisal have proved to be successful in investigating ideology in texts, as well as addressing topics such as political polarization. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the Appraisal’s social evaluation as an ideological and persuasive device in Clinton-Trump nomination speeches in 2016. Outcomes raise awareness over rhetorical strategies that can lead voters to the preference of certain sets of values & beliefs. Results revealed that then-candidates used different strategies to persuade electors by constructing negative and positive ideological discursive approaches by applying social evaluation as a pivotal rhetorical strategy in those speeches. (shrink)

Editorial - Dossiê - Ordem Religiosas Medievais: Poder e Sociedade Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, v. 15, n. 48, out./dez. 2017.

O texto apresenta algumas reflexões sobre qual o papel do erudito nas sociedades humanas. De maneira mais específica procura-se verificar o que os eruditos podem fazer em momentos de crise política como a que a sociedade brasileira atravessa por exemplo. A obra chave para este texto é O destino do erudito de Fichte, articulada com algumas considerações históricas sobre a universidade e qual o estatuto do erudito na sua evolução.

Pocas personas habr n suscitado tan un nimemente la imagen del maestro como don Manuel Pedroso. Nadie que lo haya conocido ha dejado de mencionar ese ejemplar del magisterio que rebasaba ampliamente el mbito meramente universitario. Los pr logos a este libro, obra de disc pulos o amigos, dan fe, de la huella profunda que dej en ellos. Pero nos informan tambi n de la renuencia de Pedroso a rematar sus abundantes notas y esbozos y a publicar sus (...) resultados. Por eso es tan importante la labor realizada con estas p ginas, ordenadas por sus disc pulos y reimpresas ahora en esta colecci n dedicada a rescatar la labor in dita o desconocida en Espa a del exilio espa ol de 1939. (shrink)

In this article I tease out a conception of reason in Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s writings that is both decoupled from Enlightenment notions of human nature, progress, and transcendental truth, as well as auto-critically engaged with the anti-authoritarian Enlightenment ethos of anarchist thought. In so doing, I hope to reveal how the Proudhonian deployment of reason retained a healthy skepticism of foundationalism, philosophical systems-building, and the intellectualism bred of its dogmatic excesses as well as reconsider Proudhon’s relation to our most privileged faculty.

In this article I tease out a conception of reason in Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s writings that is both decoupled from Enlightenment notions of human nature, progress, and transcendental truth, as well as auto-critically engaged with the anti-authoritarian Enlightenment ethos of anarchist thought. In so doing, I hope to reveal how the Proudhonian deployment of reason retained a healthy skepticism of foundationalism, philosophical systems-building, and the intellectualism bred of its dogmatic excesses as well as reconsider Proudhon’s relation to our most privileged faculty.

Multiple biological groups, such as ant colonies, appear to have a noteworthy inefficiency: they contain vast amounts of redundant members that are not strictly needed to maintain the group. Philosophers and biologists have proposed that such inefficiency is illusory because redundancy enhances the resilience of groups when living under harsh conditions. Still, this proposal is unsatisfactory in different respects. First, it is too vague to account for when redundancy is selectively advantageous. Furthermore, it overlooks cases in which redundancy fails to (...) increase the resilience of groups. This paper offers an account of group redundancy that addresses these difficulties. Specifically, it advances the hypothesis that the mere presence of harsh conditions is not what drives the evolution of redundancy; rather, it is the fact organisms are often unable to predict when they will face harsh conditions. Redundancy enables groups to properly respond to unpredictable circumstances without resorting to the unreliable detection systems of their members. A better understanding of the phenomenon of redundancy is likely to impact other key issues in philosophy of science, including the evolution of cooperation and transitions in individuality, and the role of redundancy in complex systems, be they biological or not. (shrink)

Resehna do livro O IMPÉRIO DO DIREITO de FRANZ NEUMANN.

Theology as a science reflects the phenomena that in some way constitute the experience of faith in society, that is, looking at the world and the various periods of history with the help of the various sciences: anthropology, the sciences of religion and sociology. With the black traffic of the African continent, came the various customs lived in Africa: culture, religiosity, African myths, beliefs in the Orixás, all these elements constituted the Brazilian cultural imaginary. Thus syncretism arises as a form (...) of resistance and survival of faith. The Church with the Second Vatican Council and the post-conciliar declarations opens a new way of being in the world, valuing dialogue with other religions and cultures. (shrink)

This article aims to present some elements of deep relevance for a better understanding of the importance of "listening" to the Word of God in the liturgy. Once we live the culture of noises in the modern society, there’s a need for a culture of listening, so that in the silence of words, the Word of God, proclaimed in the liturgy, can have its primacy. It is a reflection that signs out the celebrative space as an environment of silence and (...) listening to the Word of God. It also intends to awaken in the heart of the listener, through gestures and words, the sacramental dimension of Scripture in the liturgy. (shrink)

The present article argues that Chrysippus' reply to the objection that Fate does away with that which is up to us (and therefore with justice in honor and punishments) consists in shifting the notion of that which is up to us from one in terms of ultimate origination to one in terms of self-sufficient causation—and thus in shifting the very notion of justice in honor and punishments from one in retributive terms to one in rehabilitative terms.

Aristotle says that a fallacy of accident takes place whenever something is held to belong in the same way to an object and to its accident (SE 5 166b28-30). The Received View among interpreters takes “accident” (συμβεβηκός) in that connection to stand for any predicate that is not identical to its subject, and makes the fallacy consist in mistaking predication for identity. Such an analysis, however, gives “accident” a meaning otherwise unattested in the corpus; makes all cases of the fallacy (...) inconclusive, whereas inferences of the same kind are warranted (with a qualification) at different places in the corpus; does not cover cases which in Aristotle’s view fall under the fallacy of accident, for which a different analysis and solution must be provided; and does not square with Aristotle’s own solution in terms of sameness or difference in substance and being. This chapter presents a new take on the subject, grounded on Aristotle’s expressed views in the Sophistical Refutations and other works, according to which the fallacy takes place whenever a substitution of co-extensives, or even of necessary equivalents, makes reciprocation fail to (necessarily) hold between relata. (shrink)

JUSTE, Rubén. IBEX 35: una historia herética del poder en España, Capitán Swing Libros, Madrid, 2017, 330p.

ABSTRACT This study observes oral poetry as an aesthetic manifestation and attention, especially to poems that recall childhood in which the inspiration is the oral collection. Coordinates favor following the poetic and creative properties of the aforementioned poetic genre, from which verses from the book Batata cozida, mingau de cará [Cooked Potato, Yam Porridge], written by Eloí Bocheco (2006), are analyzed. Thus, it can be said that the poetics for childhood understood by the writer’s proposal allows the little reader to (...) transit, in the same creation, through the known, that is, throughout the elements of oral poetry almost always recovered from the popular tradition; and for what he knows at the same opportunity: the poem of declared authorship, which presupposes a work woven basically in writing. In addition, such verses can be understood as a variation of the oral tradition, renewed on the threshold between orality and writing, in a playful game with both codes. (shrink)

O artigo apresenta uma visão panorâmica dos documentos da Conferência dos Bispos latino-americanos, realizada em Medellín, no ano de 1968. Inicialmente, distingue o Medellín histórico do Medellín simbólico. A seguir, recorda como Assembleia foi bem preparada e se realizou de forma participativa. Então, demonstra a relação de continuidade com o Vaticano II. De outro lado, Medellín não foi uma mera aplicação do Concílio, mas sim uma recepção criativa. No núcleo do artigo, demonstra-se como o método VER-JULGAR-AGIR foi utilizado nos vários (...) documentos de Medellín, alocados em três eixos: promoção humana, evangelização e crescimento da fé, Igreja visível e suas estruturas. Por fim, ele se detém em dois documentos: Pobreza na Igreja e Liturgia. Encerra-se com algumas conclusões abertas, de caráter pastoral. (shrink)